Systems and methods for controlling air vehicle boundary layer airflow are disclosed. Representative methods can include applying electrical energy bursts and/or other energy bursts in nanosecond pulses in the boundary layer along a surface of an air vehicle. In a particular embodiment, electrical energy is discharged into the boundary layer to reduce the tendency for the boundary layer to separate and/or to reduce the tendency for the boundary layer to transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow. In other embodiments, energy can be discharged via pulses having a pulse width of about 100 nanoseconds or less, and an amplitude of about 10,000 volts or more. Actuators discharging the energy can be arranged in a two-dimensional ray of individually addressable actuators. Energy can be delivered to the boundary layer via a laser emitter, and energy can be received in a receiver after having transited over at least a portion of the airflow surface. In another embodiment, high energy electrons can be injected into the boundary layer using a hollow cathode array at the airflow surface. In still another embodiment, energy can be introduced at the surface of the air vehicle at a rate sufficient to heat the flow and cause shock waves to propagate into the flow.